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State legislative elections, 2024

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In the 50 states, there are 99 state legislative chambers altogether. Across 44 states, 85 of those chambers held regular legislative elections in 2024. These elections were for 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). The general election for state legislative races was held on November 5, 2024.

Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and won a tie in the Minnesota House.

To learn more about the state legislative races that were on your ballot, click here to use our Sample Ballot Lookup tool.

States are also holding special state legislative elections in 2024 to fill vacant seats. Click here for more.

In the U.S. Territories, seven legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 169 seats in 2024. Elections were held for the American Samoa House of Representatives, the Guam Legislature, the Puerto Rico Senate and House of Representatives, the Northern Mariana Islands Senate and House of Representatives, and the U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature.

On this page you will find:

Want to learn about other types of elections in 2024? Click one of the links below:

Election results, 2024

See also: Election results, 2024: State legislatures

Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and secured a tie in the Minnesota House.

There were elections for the members of 85 of the nation's 99 legislative chambers in 2024, representing 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). Heading into the elections, Democrats controlled 33 of those chambers, Republicans controlled 50, and two chambers had power-sharing agreements. Afterwards, Democrats controlled 31, Republicans controlled 51, two had power-sharing agreements, and one was tied.

In total, Democrats controlled 39 chambers after the 2024 elections, Republicans controlled 57 chambers, power-sharing coalitions controlled two chambers, and one chamber was tied.

As a result of the 2024 elections, Democrats had a net loss of 32 state legislative seats, Republicans had a net gain of 42 seats, and Independents and minor party officeholders had a net gain of 16 seats.

Most chambers saw minor changes to partisan composition. Republicans recorded their biggest gains in New Hampshire, Maine, Michigan, and Vermont. Republicans expanded their majority in both New Hampshire chambers, reduced the Democratic majority in both Maine legislative chambers, won control of the Michigan House and broke the state’s Democratic trifecta, and broke the Democratic supermajority in Vermont.

Democrats recorded their biggest gains in Montana and Wisconsin. Democrats broke the Republican supermajority in Montana and in the Wisconsin Senate.

Democratic trifectas in Michigan and Minnesota were lost as a result of the 2024 elections. Republicans neither gained nor lost trifectas.

Forty-four states held elections for at least one state legislative chamber. Heading into the elections, 15 of those states had Democratic trifectas, 20 had Republican trifectas, and nine had divided governments. Afterwards, 13 had Democratic trifectas, 20 had Republican trifectas, and 11 had divided governments.

In total, there were 17 Democratic trifectas, 23 Republican trifectas, and 10 divided governments before the 2024 elections. After the elections, there were 15 Democratic trifectas (a loss of two), 23 Republican trifectas, and 12 divided governments (an increase of two).

Veto-proof supermajority status changed in seven states. Democrats lost supermajority status in New York and Vermont and gained it in Connecticut. while Republicans lost supermajority status in Montana and North Carolina and gained it in Iowa and South Carolina.

Of states that held legislative elections in 2024, eight state legislatures had Democratic supermajorities in both chambers, 18 had Republican supermajorities in both chambers, and neither party had a supermajority in 18 states before the election. After the election, seven state legislatures had Democratic supermajorities in both chambers, 18 had Republican supermajorities in both chambers, and neither party had a supermajority in 19 states.

In total across all 50 states, there were veto-proof majorities in 29 state legislatures before the election—nine Democratic and 20 Republican. After the election, there were veto-proof majorities in 28 state legislatures—eight Democratic (a loss of one) and 20 Republican.

Heading into the 2024 elections, four states had a governor of one party and a veto-proof state legislative majority of the opposing party: Kansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Vermont. After the elections, Kansas and Kentucky maintained that status, North Carolina and Vermont lost that status, and no new state became a veto-proof legislature with an opposing party governor.

The average margin of victory in the 2024 state legislative elections was 27.3%. Click here to read more.

The map below highlights states that held state legislative elections in 2024 by partisan control.

Partisan balance

As of September 9th, 2025, Republicans controlled 55.5% of all state legislative seats nationally, while Democrats held 43.68%. Republicans held a majority in 57 chambers, and Democrats held the majority in 39 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions. One chamber (Minnesota House of Representatives) was split evenly between both parties.

Partisan balance of all 7,386 state legislative seats
Legislative chamber Democratic Party Republican Party Grey.png Other Vacant
State senates 834 1,122 5 12
State houses 2,392 2,977 20 24
Total: 3,226

4,099

25

36


Trifectas

See also: State government trifectas

State government trifecta is a term to describe single-party government, when one political party holds the governorship and majorities in both chambers of the state legislature.

After the 2024 elections, there were 15 Democratic trifectas, 23 Republican trifectas, and 12 divided governments.

Elections by state

Outside ratings

The following legislative chamber race ratings came from CNalysis and Sabato's Crystal Ball.[58][59] Use the arrows in the upper righthand corner of the table below to see more states' chamber ratings. You may also search by state, chamber, or rating in the upper lefthand corner.

Battleground chambers

See also: State legislative battleground chambers, 2024

Of the 85 chambers that held regularly-scheduled elections in 2024, Ballotpedia identified 11 battleground chambers in seven states. We anticipated that these chambers would be more competitive overall and had the potential to see major shifts in party control.

The columns in the chart below list the following:

  • Seats up in 2024: This was the number of seats that were up for election in 2024.
  • Margin: This was the difference in seats between the majority and minority parties.
  • Majority share of seats: This was the percentage of the chamber's seats controlled by the majority party.
  • Last time party control changed: This was the election where the majority at the time of the 2024 elections took control of the chamber.
State legislative battleground chambers, 2024
Chamber Offices up in 2024 Margin Majority share of seats Last time party control changed
Alaska State Senate
10 out of 20
R+2
85%[60]
2023
Alaska House of Representatives
All 40
R+9
58%[61]
2018
Arizona State Senate
All 30
R+2
53%
2002
Arizona House of Representatives
All 60
R+2
52%
1966
Michigan House of Representatives
All 110
D+2
51%
2023
Minnesota House of Representatives
All 134
D+4
51%
2019
New Hampshire State Senate
All 24
R+4
51%
2020
New Hampshire House of Representatives
All 400
R+6
51%
2020
Pennsylvania State Senate
25 out of 50
R+6
56%
1994
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
All 203
D+2
50%
2022
Wisconsin State Senate
16 out of 33
R+12
67%
2011

Noteworthy elections

Incumbents defeated

See also: Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024

General elections

In state legislative general elections, 134 incumbents lost to challengers—2.9% of incumbents running for re-election and 4.4% of incumbents in contested general elections. This was the lowest percentage of incumbents defeated in general elections since at least 2010.

In 2024 general elections:

  • 93 Democratic incumbents lost, 4.3% of the 2,176 Democratic incumbents who ran and 7.0% of the 1,324 contested Democratic incumbents.
  • 39 Republican incumbents lost, 1.6% of the 2,491 Republican incumbents who ran and 2.3% of the 1,721 contested Republican incumbents.
  • Two minor party or independent incumbents lost, 18.2% of the 11 minor party or independent incumbents who ran and 28.6% of the seven contested independent or minor party incumbents.
  • The total number of incumbents defeated in general elections—134—represented a 40.4% decrease from the number of incumbents defeated in 2020.

    • The chart below shows a partisan breakdown of incumbents defeated in general elections from 2010 to 2024.

    Click [show] on the header below to see a full list of incumbents defeated in general elections by state. Winners marked with (i) were incumbents from the same chamber.

    Primaries

    In primaries, 169 incumbents lost to primary challengers, 3.5% of incumbents who ran for re-election and 16.3% of incumbents in contested primaries.

    In 2024 primaries:

  • 34 Democratic incumbents lost, 1.5% of the 2,216 Democratic incumbents who ran and 9.3% of the 365 contested Democratic incumbents.
  • 135 Republican incumbents lost, 5.1% of the 2,626 Republican incumbents who ran and 20.0% of the 674 contested Republican incumbents.
  • The total number of incumbents defeated in primaries—169—is less than in 2022 (213) and more than in 2020 (157).

    • The chart below shows a partisan breakdown of incumbents defeated in primaries from 2010 to 2024.

    Click [show] on the header below to see a full list of incumbents defeated in primaries by state. Winners marked with (i) were incumbents from the same chamber.

    State legislative leaders defeated in primaries

    As of June 30, 2024, 92 state legislative leaders in 25 states have had primaries.[178][179] Fifteen of those leaders (16.3%) faced contested primaries.[180] Of those, 11 were Republicans and four were Democrats. Three legislative leaders were defeated in their primaries, representing 20.0% of those who faced primaries and 3.3% of all legislative leaders seeking re-election.

    The 15 state legislators who faced primary challengers included three Idaho legislators as well as two each from Nevada and West Virginia.

    Click [show] on the table below for a table detailing the results of contested primaries involving state legislative leaders in 2024.


    Three legislative leaders who were defeated in primaries in 2024 were Republican state senators, and one was a Democratic House member. One Republican served as president, one as president pro tempore, one as majority leader, and one Democrat served as speaker.

    Democratic PartyValerie Longhurst
    See also: Valerie Longhurst

    First elected in 2003, Longhurst had served as Delaware's speaker of the House from 2023-2024.[183] Longhurst was previously the House Majority Whip from 2008-2012 and the House Majority Leader from 2012-2023.[183] Longhurst lost the Democratic primary to Kamela Smith (D) 53.3%-46.7%. During the primary, Longhurst's campaign website said, "Representative Valerie Longhurst has been diligently serving members of the 15th District since 2004 and has been instrumental in passing important, impactful legislation in various policy areas, including: mental and behavioral Health, quality public education, public safety and criminal justice reform, environment and energy, economic empowerment, health and quality of life, [and] women’s issues."[184]

    Delaware Online's Shane Brennan said, "Voter turnout was consistently slow. Signs and workers representing state house representative candidates were not as common or visible as candidates for Wilmington, New Castle County and governor races."[185][186] Smith was endorsed by the Working Families Party during the primary, and said, "Once I’m in Dover, I’ll be pushing for government transparency, better education, health care, and housing, and the investments in our people that they deserve."[187][185]

    Democratic PartyScott Saiki
    See also: Scott Saiki

    First elected in 1994, Saiki had served as Hawaii's speaker of the House since May 2017. Saiki was previously the House majority leader from 2013-2017. Saiki lost the Democratic primary to Kim Coco Iwamoto (D) 49.3%-44.6%.[188] During the campaign, Saiki's campaign website said, "When I think about the future for Hawaiʻi, I think about how we can create a more affordable Hawaiʻi. I believe that we need to address the root causes of why so many local families struggle: cost of living, housing that can be affordable for all, and public safety so that our ʻohana can thrive."[189]

    Spectrum News' Michael Tsai said local media expected a close race between Saiki and Iwamoto after the two candidates had competed against each other in the previous two election years. Tsai said, "Saiki had defeated Iwamoto by less than 200 votes in each of the last two elections...Iwamoto, an attorney and former state Board of Education member, previously fell short in races for state Senate District 13 and lieutenant governor in 2018. With her win on Saturday, she becomes the first transgender woman elected to the state Legislature."

    Republican Party Chuck Winder
    See also: Chuck Winder

    First elected in 2008, Winder had served as Idaho's senate president pro tempore since December 2020.[190] Winder lost the Republican primary to Josh Keyser (R) 52.3%–47.7%. Winder ran on his experience, with his campaign website quoting an editorial describing the incumbent as a "force of stability...a true conservative," saying Winder had "stepped up to oppose extremism while many others have remained silent."[191] Keyser ran as a political outsider, saying he would "offer a fresh perspective to help navigate the complex challenges we face in our beautiful state."[192]

    Idaho media identified Winder's opposition to the Idaho Freedom Caucus as an element in his defeat. Ahead of the 2024 legislative session, Winder removed two caucus members from committee leadership positions and disciplined a third, saying the members had posted content on social media that was defamatory to fellow legislative Republicans. Following the removal, the Republican Party of Ada County—Idaho's largest county—censured Winder.[193] In an interview with the Idaho Press, Winder said his opposition to the affiliated Idaho Freedom Foundation was a factor in his defeat.[194]

    Republican Party Greg McCortney
    See also: Greg McCortney

    First elected in 2016, McCortney had served as Oklahoma's senate majority leader since October 2021 and was selected earlier in 2024 to serve as president pro tempore after the 2024 elections.[195][196] McCortney lost the Republican primary to Jonathan Wingard (R) 51.8%–48.2%. McCortney said he was running "to continue working for the things that make our area truly special things [sic] like our conservative values, strong schools, an improved economy, protecting our natural resources and promoting agriculture and energy."[197] Wingard ran on his military experience and values, saying he would "fight for you as a conservative, value-driven Oklahoman...It is my honor and privilege to ask you to join me as we fight the good fight of faith, freedom and rights."[198]

    KFOR political analyst Mike Turpen said the earlier timing of the 2024 legislative primaries as well as McCortney's business as a legislative leader were factors in the election because they left the incumbent with less time to campaign: "Everybody’s telling me this move, moving the election up a week… It cost him and others the ability to go campaign at home...And that was critical time lost on the campaign trail."[199] In an interview with KGOU, political science professor and district resident Christine Pappas said the results were a surprise: "It just kind of seemed like a regular old campaign where you expect the incumbent to win with 65%, 70% of the vote. And it was just quite shocking to see the outcome, which had Wingard narrowly beating McCortney. In fact, McCortney won no counties."[200]

    Republican Party Craig Blair
    See also: Craig Blair

    First elected in 2012, Blair had served as West Virginia's senate president since December 2020.[201] Blair lost the Republican primary to Tom Willis (R) 44.4%–32.2%. A third candidate, Michael Folk (R), received 23.4% of the vote. Blair ran on his experience in leadership, with his campaign website saying he "passed major reforms that led to more people working and being paid higher wages than ever before," "led the effort in the state legislature to pass the largest tax cut in history," and "passed the most pro-life legislation in state history which made abortion illegal in West Virginia."[202] Willis ran on his military experience and his involvement in the community, saying he was "the leader we need to build a better West Virginia."[203]

    Local media coverage discussed Blair's loss in the context of other incumbent defeats in the state senate. Blair was one of four state senators to lose a primary out of the 14 who filed for re-election in 2024. West Virginia MetroNews correspondent Brad McElhinny said Blair emphasized different policies than his two challengers: "Blair was conservative but emphasized his passion for economic development, for growth in West Virginia...The other two guys, Willis and (Mike) Folk, were much more animated by cultural issues." In an interview with MetroNews, consultant Greg Thomas said the district's demographics worked against Blair: "It’s the fastest growing part or [sic] the state and you have a lot of new voters which diminishes the power of the incumbency."[204]

    What's on your ballot?

    See also: Sample Ballot Lookup

    State legislative special elections

    See also: State legislative special elections, 2024

    In 2024, 52 state legislative special elections were scheduled for 2024 in 22 states. Between 2011 and 2023, an average of 71 special elections took place each year.

    Impact of term limits

    See also: Impact of term limits on state legislative elections in 2024
    HIGHLIGHTS
  • In 2024, 179 state legislators—77 state senators and 102 state representatives—were term-limited in 2024. This represented 3.1% of the 5,807 total seats up for election in November 2024.[205]
  • There were fewer term-limited legislators in 2024 than in 2022 and 2020. In 2022 and 2020, there were 252 and 211 term-limited state legislators, respectively. Ballotpedia tracked the most term-limited legislators in 2010 when 375 legislators were termed out.
  • 100 Republicans were term-limited, while 66 Democrats and 13 independents were term-limited. In even-numbered election years between 2010 and 2022, Democrats averaged about 99 term-limited legislators, while Republicans averaged 148 term-limited legislators.
  • The Nebraska State Senate and Montana House of Representatives had the highest percentage of term-limited legislators in 2024. In the Nebraska Senate, 52% of the incumbents up for election were term-limited, while 17% of the Montana House were term-limited.

    • Electoral competitiveness

    See also: Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 14, 2024

    Ballotpedia's 14th Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report analyzed all 5,807 state legislative seats that were up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states.

    State legislative competitiveness in 2024 was below average for even years from 2010 to 2024.

    In 2024, the nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index was 33.2, down from the last three election cycles: 2022 (36.6), 2020 (33.4), and 2018 (36.1).

    State legislative competitiveness in 2024 (33.2) was below the 14-year competitiveness index average of 34.0. This average was for even-year elections only. Looking at averages across the last three even-year election cycles: 2024 had fewer open seats, incumbents in contested primaries, and seats with major competition.

    Key findings of this report include:

  • 962 seats were open (16.6%). This was the second-smallest number of open seats since Ballotpedia began gathering data in 2010.
  • 1,039 incumbents faced contested primaries (21.4%). This was roughly average compared to previous years, down from 26.8% in 2022 but higher than the 20.1% in 2020.
  • 3,583 seats were contested by both major parties (61.7%), higher than in 2022 (59.2%) but lower than in 2018 (66.3%) and 2020 (65.2%).


    • Nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index, 2024
    Chamber Open seats Incs. in contested primaries Major party competition Competitiveness Index
    House 15.7% 21.1% 61.7% 32.8
    Senate 20.4% 22.8% 61.9% 35.0
    Total 16.6% 21.4% 61.7% 33.2

    The graphic below combines these figures for every election cycle from 2010 to 2024, showing the change in competitiveness, and how each criterion affects the overall competitiveness indices, over time.

    Open seats

    See also: Open seats in state legislative elections, 2024

    There were 5,807 state legislative seats up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states. Of that total, there were 962 open seats, guaranteeing at least 17% of all seats would be won by newcomers. This was the second-smallest number of open seats since Ballotpedia began gathering data in 2010.

    Ballotpedia uses the number and percentage of open seats to help determine the overall competitiveness of an election cycle. A greater number of open seats guarantees more newcomers entering legislatures and typically results in more candidates running for office. A smaller number of open seats guarantees fewer newcomers and typically results in fewer candidates running for office.

    In 2024:

  • There were 407 open Democratic seats, those most recently held by Democrats at the time of filing.
  • There were 545 open Republican seats, those most recently held by Republicans at the time of filing.
  • There were 10 other open seats. This includes those most recently held by minor party or independent officeholders at the time of filing.
  • The total number of open seats—962—was higher than in 2020 (876), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 10% increase.



    • Open state legislative seats, 2024
    Chamber Seats
    Democratic Republican Other Total
    # %
    House 4,712 323 408 8 739 15.7%
    Senate 1,095 84 137 2 223 20.4%
    Total 5,807 407 545 10 962 16.6%

    The chart below shows a breakdown of open seats from 2010 to 2024. The "Other" value includes seats left open by minor party and independent officeholders.

    Contested primaries

    See also: Contested state legislative primaries, 2024

    There were 5,470 state legislative districts up for election nationwide, creating 10,642 possible primaries. Of that total, there were 1,731 contested primaries, meaning 16% of all primaries were contested. This percentage is tied with 2014 (16%) as the lowest percentage of contested primaries since Ballotpedia began gathering data in 2010.

    In 2024:

  • There were 608 contested Democratic primaries, representing 12% of all possible Democratic primaries and a 27% decrease from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.
  • There were 1,005 contested Republican primaries, representing 19% of all possible Republican primaries and a 14% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.
  • There were 118 contested top-two/four primaries, representing 40% of all possible top-two/four primaries and an 8% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.
  • The total number of contested primaries—1,731—was down from 2020 (1,827), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 5% decrease.



    • Contested state legislative primaries, 2024
    Chamber Districts
    Democratic Republican Top-two/four Total
    # % # % # % # %
    House 4,389 484 11.6% 784 18.8% 79 36.2% 1,347 15.7%
    Senate 1,081 124 12.4% 221 22.1% 39 48.8% 384 18.4%
    Total 5,470 608 11.8% 1,005 19.4% 118 39.6% 1,731 16.3%

    The chart below shows a breakdown of contested primaries from 2010 to 2024.

    Incumbents in contested primaries

    See also: State legislative incumbents in contested primaries, 2024

    There were 5,807 state legislative seats up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states. Overall, 4,853 incumbents filed for re-election and were running at the time of their respective primaries. Of that total, 1,039 incumbents faced contested primaries, representing 21% of all incumbents who filed for re-election. This was roughly average compared to previous years, down from 27% in 2022 but higher than the 20% in 2020.


    Ballotpedia uses the number and percentage of incumbents in contested primaries to help determine the overall competitiveness of an election cycle. A larger number of contested primaries indicates more opportunities for voters to elect a non-incumbent to office. A smaller number indicates fewer of those opportunities.

    In 2024:

  • There were 365 Democratic incumbents in contested primaries, representing 17% of all Democratic incumbents who filed for re-election, a 26% decrease from 2020.
  • There were 674 Republican incumbents in contested primaries, representing 26% of all Republican incumbents who filed for re-election, a 32% increase from 2020.
  • The total number of incumbents in contested primaries—1,039—was higher than in 2020 (1,006), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 3% increase.



    • State legislative incumbents in contested primaries, 2024
    Chamber Seats
    Democratic Republican Total[206]
    Filed Cont. % Filed Cont. % Filed Cont. %
    House 4,712 1,813 289 15.9% 2,158 551 25.5% 3,982 840 21.1%
    Senate 1,095 403 76 18.9% 468 123 26.3% 871 199 22.8%
    Total 5,807 2,216 365 16.5% 2,626 674 25.7% 4,853 1,039 21.4%

    The chart below shows a breakdown of incumbents in contested primaries from 2010 to 2024.

    Major party competition

    See also: Major party competition in state legislative elections, 2024

    There were 5,807 state legislative seats up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states. Of that total, 2,224 (38%) were uncontested and had no major party competition. This was roughly average compared to previous years, down from 41% in 2022 but higher than the 34% and 35% in 2018 and 2020, respectively. The remaining 3,583 (62%) seats were contested by both major parties.

    Ballotpedia uses the level of major party competition to help determine the overall competitiveness of an election cycle. A larger number of seats without major party competition indicates fewer options on the ballot. A smaller number indicates more options.

    In 2024:

  • Democrats were guaranteed to win 1,111 seats (19%) that lacked Republican competition, an 8% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.
  • Republicans were guaranteed to win 1,109 seats (19%) that lacked Democratic competition, a 10% increase from 2020, the last time all 44 states held elections.
  • Overall, Democrats ran for 4,694 seats (81%) and Republicans ran for 4,692 (81%).
  • There were four seats guaranteed to minor party or independent candidates because no major party candidates ran.
  • The total number of seats without major party competition—2,224—was more than in 2020 (2,044), the last time all 44 states held elections, representing a 9% increase.
  • One of the two major parties was guaranteed a simple majority in 19 chambers across 14 states due to the lack of major party competition.


    • Major party competition in state legislative elections, 2024
    Chamber Seats
    Uncontested Contested
    Only Democrats Only Republicans Total
    # % # % # % # %
    House 4,712 902 19.1% 901 19.1% 1,807 38.3% 2,905 61.7%
    Senate 1,095 209 19.1% 208 19.0% 417 38.1% 678 61.9%
    Total 5,807 1,111 19.1% 1,109 19.1% 2,224 38.3% 3,583 61.7%

    The chart below shows a breakdown of major party competition in state legislative elections from 2010 to 2024.

    Margin of victory

    Across all 5,807 seats up for election, the average margin of victory was 27.3%. An electoral margin of victory (MOV) is the difference between the share of votes cast for the winning candidate and the second-place candidate in an election. Only races with more than one candidate were included in this average. The chart below displays the breakdown of races by the winner's partisan affiliation and margin of victory for each state legislative chamber with single-member districts which held elections in 2024. A darker shade of red or blue indicates a larger margin for that party. The table below displays how many seats were up for election in each chamber and how many seats each party won. It also includes a breakdown of how many seats Democrats and Republicans won by 10% or less and without opposition in each chamber, as well as the average margin of victory for each party. Click on a particular header to sort the table.

    Average MOV for state legislative elections, 2024
    Chamber Seats up for election Democratic Party Seats won by Democrats Democratic Party Seats won by Democrats by margins of 10% or less Democratic Party Seats won by unopposed Democrats Democratic Party Average margin of victory for Democrats Republican Party Seats won by Republicans Republican Party Seats won by Republicans by margins of 10% or less Republican Party Seats won by unopposed Republicans Republican Party Average margin of victory for Republicans Grey.png Seats won by independent and minor party candidates
    Alaska House of Representatives 40 14 4 3 13.9% 21 7 5 15.1% 5
    Alaska State Senate 10 5 1 2 17.7% 5 3 0 11.6% 0
    Arizona House of Representatives 60 13 5 2 10.9% 17 7 0 10.3% 0
    Arizona State Senate 30 13 2 5 25.9% 17 4 3 25.0% 0
    Arkansas House of Representatives 100 19 4 13 16.4% 81 3 33 38.3% 0
    Arkansas State Senate 18 2 0 2 16 0 9 42.9% 0
    California State Assembly 80 60 5 1 26.4% 20 6 0 16.1% 0
    California State Senate 20 16 4 0 22.3% 4 3 0 16.2% 0
    Colorado House of Representatives 65 43 9 3 30.2% 22 5 4 19.1% 0
    Colorado State Senate 18 12 3 1 34.6% 6 1 0 27.0% 0
    Connecticut House of Representatives 151 102 14 28 28.2% 49 15 12 14.8% 0
    Connecticut State Senate 36 25 5 3 25.7% 11 5 2 10.5% 0
    Delaware House of Representatives 41 27 2 12 21.3% 14 2 8 16.0% 0
    Delaware State Senate 10 7 1 5 47.3% 3 0 2 97.8% 0
    Florida House of Representatives 120 35 8 15 27.0% 85 10 0 26.2% 0
    Florida State Senate 20 6 1 2 32.7% 14 0 0 27.8% 0
    Georgia House of Representatives 180 80 4 43 31.3% 100 4 47 33.8% 0
    Georgia State Senate 56 23 1 15 44.5% 33 1 18 35.5% 0
    Hawaii House of Representatives 51 42 0 14 36.9% 9 4 2 11.5% 0
    Hawaii State Senate 12 10 0 4 38.8% 2 2 0 7.2% 0
    Idaho House of Representatives 70 9 1 4 17.5% 61 3 14 46.1% 0
    Idaho State Senate 35 6 1 2 14.7% 29 2 5 50.7% 0
    Illinois House of Representatives 118 78 8 34 31.1% 40 6 23 17.9% 0
    Illinois State Senate 20 17 0 6 21.3% 3 0 3 0
    Indiana House of Representatives 100 30 4 12 28.4% 70 4 24 36.4% 0
    Indiana State Senate 25 7 0 4 44.4% 18 0 8 36.2% 0
    Iowa House of Representatives 100 33 6 15 24.4% 67 8 13 26.9% 0
    Iowa State Senate 25 6 4 1 11.0% 19 2 3 27.6% 0
    Kansas House of Representatives 125 37 5 18 21.3% 88 11 32 26.4% 0
    Kansas State Senate 40 9 0 3 31.0% 31 6 5 28.7% 0
    Kentucky House of Representatives 100 20 3 12 16.3% 80 3 43 34.3% 0
    Kentucky State Senate 19 5 0 4 18.5% 13 0 7 42.3% 1
    Maine House of Representatives 151 76 15 16 23.5% 73 15 12 21.2% 2
    Maine State Senate 35 20 3 2 21.5% 15 3 0 24.2% 0
    Massachusetts House of Representatives 160 134 8 103 29.4% 25 3 13 23.7% 1
    Massachusetts State Senate 40 35 1 26 28.2% 5 1 2 17.0% 0
    Michigan House of Representatives 110 52 13 1 28.2% 58 10 0 27.2% 0
    Minnesota House of Representatives 134 67 11 5 31.5% 67 10 0 29.7% 0
    Missouri House of Representatives 163 52 11 18 35.0% 111 8 28 41.6% 0
    Missouri State Senate 17 7 1 1 33.1% 10 2 2 34.4% 0
    Montana House of Representatives 100 42 16 0 16.5% 58 2 12 40.1% 0
    Montana State Senate 25 9 2 0 18.4% 16 1 4 35.7% 0
    Nebraska State Senate 25 8 3 2 13.1% 16 11 0 12.9% 1
    Nevada State Assembly 42 27 12 4 13.1% 15 0 4 28.2% 0
    Nevada State Senate 10 6 2 1 11.4% 4 2 1 8.4% 0
    New Hampshire House of Representatives 400 100 52 18 11.4% 103 70 8 7.6% 0
    New Hampshire State Senate 24 8 1 0 22.0% 16 3 0 14.4% 0
    New Mexico House of Representatives 70 44 8 22 17.2% 26 4 16 18.1% 0
    New Mexico State Senate 42 26 2 18 12.1% 16 3 9 17.3% 0
    New York State Assembly 150 101 11 40 31.6% 49 5 18 23.0% 0
    New York State Senate 63 40 4 11 32.4% 23 4 8 17.7% 0
    North Carolina House of Representatives 120 49 6 21 30.8% 71 10 3 26.9% 0
    North Carolina State Senate 50 20 4 5 32.4% 30 3 0 26.4% 0
    North Dakota House of Representatives 46 2 0 1 27.6% 22 6 9 15.2% 0
    North Dakota State Senate 23 2 1 1 1.8% 21 2 8 38.8% 0
    Ohio House of Representatives 99 34 5 6 34.0% 65 6 6 32.0% 0
    Ohio State Senate 16 3 1 0 12.0% 13 2 1 28.4% 0
    Oklahoma House of Representatives 101 20 3 11 19.5% 81 3 58 38.5% 0
    Oklahoma State Senate 24 2 0 1 18.4% 22 1 12 35.0% 0
    Oregon House of Representatives 60 31 6 7 30.4% 29 3 9 29.1% 0
    Oregon State Senate 15 6 0 1 41.3% 9 1 2 36.0% 0
    Pennsylvania House of Representatives 203 101 9 48 19.0% 102 4 44 31.2% 0
    Pennsylvania State Senate 25 10 1 4 17.0% 15 3 4 26.6% 0
    Rhode Island House of Representatives 75 64 5 46 15.6% 10 3 2 19.8% 1
    Rhode Island State Senate 38 34 1 21 21.5% 4 0 1 24.1% 0
    South Carolina House of Representatives 124 36 6 20 25.2% 88 4 50 32.0% 0
    South Carolina State Senate 46 12 3 6 26.0% 34 4 14 28.5% 0
    South Dakota House of Representatives 70 3 2 0 8.7% 34 7 14 14.0% 0
    South Dakota State Senate 35 3 2 1 4.4% 32 1 17 30.9% 0
    Tennessee House of Representatives 99 24 3 10 39.0% 75 3 20 44.9% 0
    Tennessee State Senate 16 2 0 0 36.8% 14 0 3 46.1% 0
    Texas House of Representatives 150 62 6 36 25.9% 88 3 18 35.5% 0
    Texas State Senate 15 7 0 5 26.0% 8 1 0 23.3% 0
    Utah House of Representatives 75 14 3 1 29.8% 61 4 19 38.4% 0
    Utah State Senate 14 2 0 0 13.9% 12 0 3 33.0% 0
    Vermont House of Representatives 150 64 22 28 13.3% 43 11 19 12.8% 2
    Vermont State Senate 30 6 4 1 6.3% 10 3 2 12.7% 0
    Washington House of Representatives 98 59 5 12 33.3% 39 4 7 24.6% 0
    Washington State Senate 25 13 3 2 25.1% 12 3 2 16.3% 0
    West Virginia House of Delegates 100 9 3 2 20.8% 91 4 40 37.1% 0
    West Virginia State Senate 17 1 1 0 8.8% 16 1 6 45.1% 0
    Wisconsin State Assembly 99 45 16 14 15.6% 54 8 2 27.2% 0
    Wisconsin State Senate 16 10 5 5 4.0% 6 0 0 28.8% 0
    Wyoming House of Representatives 62 6 2 2 12.9% 56 2 45 43.2% 0
    Wyoming State Senate 15 0 0 0 15 0 12 28.7% 0
    Totals 5,807 2,421 409 894 25.1% 3,036 394 914 28.9% 13

    State legislative races decided by 0.5% or less

    In 2024, there were 47 races decided by margins of 0.5% or smaller.

    State legislative races decided by 0.5% or less, 2024
    District Winner Runner-up Margin (%) Margin (number of votes)
    Colorado House of Representatives District 16 Republican Party Rebecca Keltie Democratic Party Stephanie Vigil 0.01% 3
    Maine House of Representatives District 141 Republican Party Lucas Lanigan Democratic Party Patricia Kidder 0.02% 1
    South Dakota House of Representatives District 15 Democratic Party Erik Muckey Republican Party Joni Tschetter 0.04% 7
    South Carolina State Senate District 17 Republican Party Everett Stubbs Democratic Party Mike Fanning 0.05% 29
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 2 Republican Party John Schneller Republican Party Peter Kujawski 0.06% 51
    Minnesota House of Representatives District 54A Democratic Party Brad Tabke Republican Party Aaron Paul 0.06% 14
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Strafford 4 Democratic Party Heath Howard Republican Party Kurt Wuelper 0.06% 16
    Iowa State Senate District 14 Democratic Party Sarah Trone Garriott Republican Party Mark Hanson 0.07% 29
    Illinois House of Representatives District 52 Republican Party Martin McLaughlin Democratic Party Maria Peterson 0.08% 47
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 12 Democratic Party Wendy Thomas Republican Party John Frechette 0.08% 95
    Arizona House of Representatives District 2 Republican Party Justin Wilmeth Republican Party Ari Bradshaw 0.09% 134
    Kansas State Senate District 5 Republican Party Jeff Klemp Democratic Party Jeff Pittman 0.10% 31
    North Carolina State Senate District 18 Democratic Party Terence Everitt Republican Party Ashlee Bryan Adams 0.10% 128
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 18 Republican Party Steven Kesselring Democratic Party Juliet Smith 0.11% 9
    Hawaii House of Representatives District 39 Republican Party Elijah Pierick Democratic Party Corey Rosenlee 0.12% 11
    Iowa State Senate District 20 Republican Party Mike Pike Democratic Party Nate Boulton 0.14% 44
    Maine House of Representatives District 75 Democratic Party Stephan Bunker Republican Party Randall Gauvin 0.15% 7
    Alaska House of Representatives District 28 Republican Party Elexie Moore Republican Party Steve Menard 0.16% 12
    Kentucky House of Representatives District 67 Democratic Party Matthew Lehman Republican Party Terry Hatton 0.16% 30
    North Carolina State Senate District 42 Democratic Party Woodson Bradley Republican Party Stacie McGinn 0.17% 209
    Indiana House of Representatives District 25 Republican Party Becky Cash Democratic Party Tiffany Stoner 0.17% 64
    Georgia House of Representatives District 128 Democratic Party Mack Jackson Republican Party Tracy Wheeler 0.17% 48
    Vermont House of Representatives Addison-3 District Democratic Party Matt Birong Democratic Party Diane Lanpher 0.18% 17
    Colorado House of Representatives District 19 Republican Party Dan Woog Democratic Party Jillaire McMillan 0.19% 110
    Washington State Senate District 18 Democratic Party Adrian E. Cortes Republican Party Brad Benton 0.21% 173
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 29 Republican Party Henry Giasson Democratic Party Jim Craig 0.22% 82
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Strafford 19 Democratic Party John Larochelle Democratic Party Daniel Fitzpatrick 0.24% 87
    Rhode Island House of Representatives District 15 Republican Party Chris Paplauskas Democratic Party Maria Bucci 0.25% 22
    Maine House of Representatives District 52 Democratic Party Sally Cluchey Republican Party David Guilmette 0.26% 14
    Vermont House of Representatives Windsor-3 District Democratic Party Alice Emmons Republican Party Keith Stern 0.26% 21
    Montana House of Representatives District 57 Democratic Party Scott Rosenzweig Republican Party Marty Malone 0.26% 20
    Georgia House of Representatives District 105 Republican Party Sandy Donatucci Democratic Party Farooq Mughal 0.26% 80
    Iowa House of Representatives District 98 Democratic Party Monica Hosch Kurth Republican Party Nathan Ramker 0.34% 45
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Merrimack 8 Democratic Party Stephanie Payeur Republican Party Natalie Wells 0.36% 57
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 43 Democratic Party Paul Dargie Republican Party Michael Facques 0.38% 125
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Cheshire 10 Republican Party Sly Karasinski Republican Party Dan LeClair 0.38% 33
    Florida House of Representatives District 93 Republican Party Anne Gerwig Democratic Party Katherine Waldron 0.39% 358
    North Carolina House of Representatives District 105 Republican Party Tricia Cotham Democratic Party Nicole Sidman 0.39% 213
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Rockingham 16 Republican Party Wayne MacDonald Democratic Party Anne Fenn 0.41% 366
    California State Assembly District 58 Republican Party Leticia Castillo Democratic Party Clarissa Cervantes 0.41% 641
    Maine House of Representatives District 81 Republican Party Peter Wood Democratic Party Joan Beal 0.42% 24
    Connecticut State Senate District 8 Democratic Party Paul Honig Republican Party Lisa Seminara 0.43% 249
    Maine House of Representatives District 96 Democratic Party Michel Lajoie Republican Party Kerryl Clement 0.46% 23
    Rhode Island State Senate District 29 Democratic Party Peter Appollonio Jr. Republican Party Anthony DeLuca 0.48% 65
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Sullivan 5 Republican Party George Grant Democratic Party Linda Tanner 0.48% 16
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 17 Democratic Party David Preece Republican Party Ben Prescott 0.48% 36
    New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 9 Democratic Party Sanjeev Manohar Republican Party Paula Johnson 0.48% 72


    Political context

    In the previous election cycle, Democrats gained control of four chambers: the Michigan House and Senate, Minnesota Senate, and Pennsylvania House. Additionally, in Alaska, a bipartisan governing coalition comprised of Democrats and Republicans won control of the Alaska Senate. Republicans previously controlled all five chambers.

    Changes in chamber partisan control, 2010 to 2023

    See also: Partisan composition of state legislatures

    From 2010 to 2023, 41 chambers switched control: 21 switched control once, 15 switched control twice, four switched control four times, and one—the New Hampshire House of Representatives—switched control five times. During that same time, there were 58 chambers that did not switch control.

    Before the 2010 elections, Democrats controlled 60 of the country's 99 state legislative chambers, Republicans controlled 37, and neither party controlled the remaining two chambers. After the 2023 elections, Democrats controlled 41 chambers and Republicans controlled 56. Multipartisan majorities controlled the Alaska Senate and House.

    Most changes in partisan control came from major elections, but some also came through special elections (Louisiana House in 2010; Washington Senate in 2017) and party-switching (Louisiana House in 2010; Mississippi Senate in 2011). In some cases, the party that gained control did not have a numerical majority but instead controlled the chamber through a bipartisan coalition (i.e., Alaska House in 2016). This table does not account for changes in party control or ties in a chamber that lasted for less than one year and were not the result of a regularly scheduled election. An example of this is the brief period of Democratic control in the Virginia State Senate in 2014.[207]

    For this chart, a red box indicates that the chamber changed from Democratic to Republican control, and a blue box indicates that the chamber changed from Republican to Democratic control.[208]

    Chamber changes in partisan control: 2010-2023
    Party changes in 2010 Party changes in 2011 Party changes in 2012 Party changes in 2014 Party changes in 2016 Party changes in 2017 Party changes in 2018 Party changes in 2019 Party changes in 2020 Party changes in 2021 Party changes in 2022 Party changes in 2023
    Alabama Senate Louisiana Senate[209][210] Alaska Senate Colorado Senate Alaska House Washington Senate Alaska House[211] Virginia Senate New Hampshire Senate Virginia House Alaska Senate[212] Virginia House
    Alabama House Mississippi Senate[213][214] Arkansas Senate Maine Senate Iowa Senate Colorado Senate Virginia House New Hampshire House Michigan House
    Colorado House Mississippi House Arkansas House Minnesota House Kentucky House Maine Senate Michigan Senate
    Indiana House Virginia Senate[215] Colorado House Nevada Senate Minnesota Senate Minnesota House Minnesota Senate
    Iowa House Maine Senate Nevada House Nevada Senate New Hampshire House Pennsylvania House[216]
    Louisiana House[217][218] Maine House New Hampshire House Nevada House New Hampshire Senate
    Maine Senate Minnesota Senate New Mexico House New Mexico House New York Senate
    Maine House Minnesota House West Virginia Senate
    Michigan House New Hampshire House West Virginia House
    Minnesota Senate Oregon House[219]
    Minnesota House Washington Senate
    Montana House[220]
    New Hampshire Senate
    New Hampshire House
    New York Senate
    North Carolina Senate
    North Carolina House
    Ohio House
    Oregon House[221]
    Pennsylvania House
    Wisconsin Senate
    Wisconsin House
    Total changes: 22 Total changes: 4 Total changes: 11 Total changes: 9 Total changes: 7 Total changes: 1 Total changes: 7 Total changes: 2 Total changes: 2 Total changes: 1 Total changes: 5 Total changes: 1


    The chart below shows how many chambers each party controlled after the November elections in a given year.

    Partisan control of state legislative chambers: 2010-2023
    Election Democratic chambers Republican chambers Other
    Before 2010 60 37 2
    2010 38 59 2
    2011 35 60 4
    2012 41 56 2
    2013 41 56 2
    2014 30 68 1
    2015 30 68 1
    2016 31 68 0
    2017 32 67 0
    2018 37 61 1
    2019 39 59 1
    2020 37 61 1
    2021 36 62 1
    2022 40 57 2
    2023 41 56 2


    Trifectas from 2010 to 2023

    See also: State government trifectas

    A state government trifecta occurs when one political party controls the primary levers of power in a state: the governor's office, the state Senate, and the state House. From 2010 to 2018, the Republican Party increased its number of trifectas and the Democratic Party saw a decline in its trifectas. Democrats picked up six trifectas in the 2018 elections, and Republicans lost four trifectas. Following the 2021 elections, the Democratic trifecta in Virginia became a split government after Republicans gained control of the state House and governorship. After the 2023 elections, the divided government in Louisiana became a Republican trifecta when Jeff Landry (R) won election as governor.

    This chart shows the number of trifectas each party held heading into elections from 2010 to 2023, and the number of trifectas following the 2023 elections.

    Trifectas by year: 2010-2023
    Election Democratic trifectas Republican trifectas States under divided government
    Pre-2010 elections 17 10 23
    Pre-2012 elections 11 22 17
    Pre-2014 elections 12 24 14
    Pre-2016 elections 7 23 20
    Pre-2018 elections 8 26 16
    Pre-2020 elections 15 21 14
    Pre-2021 elections 15 23 12
    Pre-2022 elections 14 23 13
    Post-2022 elections 17 22 11
    Pre-2023 elections 17 22 11
    Post-2023 elections 17 23 10


    Analysis of state elections

    See also: Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    See also: State legislative elections, 2024

    In the 50 states, there are 99 state legislative chambers altogether. Across 44 states, 85 of those chambers held regular legislative elections in 2024. These elections were for 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). The general election for state legislative races was held on November 5, 2024.

    Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and won a tie in the Minnesota House.

    To learn more about the state legislative races that were on your ballot, click here to use our Sample Ballot Lookup tool.

    States are also holding special state legislative elections in 2024 to fill vacant seats. Click here for more.

    In the U.S. Territories, seven legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 169 seats in 2024. Elections were held for the American Samoa House of Representatives, the Guam Legislature, the Puerto Rico Senate and House of Representatives, the Northern Mariana Islands Senate and House of Representatives, and the U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature.

    As of September 9th, 2025, Republicans controlled 55.5% of all state legislative seats nationally, while Democrats held 43.68%. Republicans held a majority in 57 chambers, and Democrats held the majority in 39 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions. One chamber (Minnesota House of Representatives) was split evenly between both parties.

    Partisan balance of all 7,386 state legislative seats
    Legislative chamber Democratic Party Republican Party Grey.png Other Vacant
    State senates 834 1,122 5 12
    State houses 2,392 2,977 20 24
    Total: 3,226

    		4,099

    		25

    		36


    Featured analysis

    • State legislative seats that changed party control in 2024: As a result of the Nov. 5, 2024, elections, partisan composition of all 7,386 state legislative seats changed by 0.7 percentage points. Democrats had a net loss of 54 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Republicans had a net gain of 55 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Independents and minor party officeholders had a net loss of one seat, representing 0.01% of all state legislative seats.
    • Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 12, 2022: Competitiveness refers to the presence of choice throughout the election cycle. A greater level of competitiveness means voters have the ability to make more decisions. A lower level of competitiveness equals fewer choices. State legislative competitiveness in 2022 reached its highest level compared to all even-year election cycles since 2010. In 2022, the nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index is 36.2, beating out 2018 (36.1) and the 2012 post-redistricting cycle (35.2).

    More related analysis

    Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 state legislative elections.


    See also

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    Footnotes

    1. ↑ JUSTIA US Law, "Alaska Statutes, Sec. 24.05.080," accessed November 1, 2021
    2. ↑ Alaska’s Constitution, "A Citizen’s Guide," accessed November 1, 2021
    3. ↑ Arizona Revised Statutes, "41-1101, Section B," accessed November 22, 2016
    4. ↑ Justia, "Arkansas Constitution Article 5 - Legislative Department Section 5 - Time of meeting," accessed October 26, 2021
    5. ↑ California Constitution, "Article 4, Section 2. (a)(3)," accessed November 1, 2021
    6. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 5, Section 7," accessed February 9, 2021
    7. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 4, Section 1," accessed February 9, 2021
    8. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 4, Section 3," accessed February 9, 2021
    9. ↑ Colorado LegiSource, "Surprise! The 2019 Legislative Session Convening a Week Earlier," September 20, 2018
    10. ↑ Connecticut Constitution, "Article Three, Section 10," accessed November 1, 2021
    11. ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    12. ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    13. ↑ Florida Constitution, "Article III, Section 15(d)," accessed November 22, 2016
    14. ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Georgia Constitution - Article III, Section IV, Paragraph I," accessed February 12, 2021
    15. ↑ Legislative Reference Bureau, "Hawaii Constitution, Article III, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    16. ↑ Idaho Constitution, "Article III, Section 3," accessed December 18, 2019
    17. ↑ Illinois Constitution, "Article 4, Section 5a," accessed November 1, 2021
    18. ↑ Indiana Constitution, "Article 4, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    19. ↑ JUSTIA US Law, "Iowa Code, Section 39.8 - Term of office," accessed November 1, 2021
    20. ↑ Iowa Secretary of State, "Terms of Offices for Elected Officials," accessed November 1, 2021
    21. ↑ Iowa Constitution, "Article III, Legislative Department, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    22. ↑ Kansas Constitution, "Article Two, Section 2", accessed February 9, 2021
    23. ↑ Kentucky Constitution, "Section 30," accessed February 10, 2021
    24. ↑ Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part First., Section 2," accessed November 1, 2021
    25. ↑ Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part Second., Section 5," accessed November 1, 2021
    26. ↑ Massachusetts Constitution, "Article LXXXII," accessed February 12, 2021
    27. ↑ Michigan Constitution, "Article XI, Section 2," accessed February 12, 2021
    28. ↑ Minnesota.gov, "Minnesota Statute 3.05," accessed January 13, 2025
    29. ↑ Minnesota.gov, "Minnesota Statute 3.011," accessed January 13, 2025
    30. ↑ Missouri Revisor of Statutes, "Article III Section 20. Regular sessions of assembly — quorum — compulsory attendance — public sessions — limitation on power to adjourn.," accessed November 1, 2021
    31. ↑ Montana State Legislature, "Montana Code Annotated 2021, 5-2-102. Term of office," accessed November 4, 2021
    32. ↑ Nebraska Constitution, "Article III-10," accessed November 4, 2021
    33. ↑ Nevada Constitution, "Article 4, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    34. ↑ New Hampshire Constitution, "Part II, Article 3," accessed February 10, 2021
    35. ↑ New Mexico Constitution, "Article IV, Section 4, accessed November 1, 2021
    36. ↑ New York Senate, "New York Constitution, Article XIII, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    37. ↑ North Carolina Constitution, "Article II, Section 9," accessed February 12, 2021
    38. ↑ North Dakota Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed February 12, 2021
    39. ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article 2, Section 02," accessed November 1, 2021
    40. ↑ Ohio.gov, "A Guidebook for Ohio Legislators," accessed November 1, 2021
    41. ↑ Oklahoma State Courts Network, "Oklahoma Statutes Citationized 14 O.S. § 80.35.14," accessed November 2, 2021
    42. ↑ Oklahoma State Courts Network, "Oklahoma Statutes Citationized 14 O.S. § 141 ," accessed November 2, 2021
    43. ↑ Oregon Constitution, "Article IV, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    44. ↑ Pennsylvania Constitution, "Article II, Section 2," accessed November 1, 2021
    45. ↑ Rhode Island Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 17, 2021
    46. ↑ South Carolina Constitution, "Article III, Section 10," accessed November 1, 2021
    47. ↑ South Dakota Constitution, "Article 3, Section 7," accessed November 20, 2012
    48. ↑ Tennessee Constitution, "Article II, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    49. ↑ Texas Government Code, "Title 3., Subtitle A., Sec. 301.001," accessed February 17, 2021
    50. ↑ Texas Constitution, "Article 3. Legislative Department, Section 4," accessed November 4, 2021
    51. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 17, 2021
    52. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    53. ↑ Vermont Constitution, "Chapter II, Section 46," accessed February 4, 2021
    54. ↑ Washington State Legislature, "RCW 44.04.021 Commencement of terms of office," accessed February 17, 2021
    55. ↑ West Virginia Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed February 9, 2021
    56. ↑ Wisconsin Statutes, "Chapter 13: Legislative Branch: 13.02 Regular sessions," accessed October 5, 2021
    57. ↑ Justia, "2020 Wyoming Statutes Title 22 - Elections Chapter 2 - General Provisions Section 22-2-107 - When Elected State and County Officers Assume Offices.," accessed November 4, 2021
    58. ↑ CNalysis, "State Legislative Forecasts," accessed October 10, 2024
    59. ↑ Sabato's Crystal Ball, "2024’s Battleground State Legislative Chambers," October 10, 2024
    60. ↑ The chamber's governing coalition consists of all 9 Democrats and 8 of the chamber's 11 Republicans.
    61. ↑ The chamber's governing coalition consists of 19 of the chamber's 21 Republicans, two Democrats, and two independents.
    62. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named coalition
    63. ↑ Alaska Senate, "Senate Continues Bipartisan Coalition and Announces Leadership Positions," November 7, 2024
    64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Alaska Beacon, "After Alaska’s primary election, here’s how the state’s legislative races are shaping up," September 6, 2024
    65. ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Internal friction hampers Alaska’s influential Bush Caucus," March 30, 2024
    66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Alaska Beacon, "After Alaska’s primary election, here’s how the state’s legislative races are shaping up," September 6, 2024
    67. ↑ Alaska Beacon, "For rural Alaska lawmakers, local issues trumped party interests and swung the state House," January 24, 2023
    68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 ABC News, "AP Decision Notes: What to expect in Arizona on Election Day," October 21, 2024
    69. ↑ The Arizona Mirror, "Record outside spending floods Arizona legislative races as Dems make their play for a majority," October 21, 2024
    70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 NBC News, "Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs signs repeal of 1864 abortion ban," May 2, 2024
    71. ↑ NPR, "Tired of presidential politics? Here’s where power could shift in state capitols, too," October 3, 2024
    72. ↑ NPR, "In Arizona, will abortion access and immigration ballot measures drive turnout?" June 12, 2024
    73. ↑ NBC News, "These are the battlegrounds where state legislative control is up for grabs," September 28, 2024
    74. ↑ The Arizona Mirror, "Record outside spending floods Arizona legislative races as Dems make their play for a majority," October 21, 2024
    75. ↑ NPR, "Tired of presidential politics? Here’s where power could shift in state capitols, too," October 3, 2024
    76. ↑ Arizona Mirror, "AZ House has voted to repeal the 1864 abortion ban upheld by the Supreme Court," April 24, 2024
    77. ↑ NPR, "In Arizona, will abortion access and immigration ballot measures drive turnout?" June 12, 2024
    78. ↑ NBC News, "These are the battlegrounds where state legislative control is up for grabs," September 28, 2024
    79. ↑ NPR, "Democrats in Kansas hope to end Repuclicans' reign in the state legislature
    80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 KCUR 89.3, "A Republican supermajority at stake in Kansas," October 10, 2024
    81. ↑ CNalysis, "Kansas," accessed October 30, 2024
    82. ↑ X, "Chaz Nuttycombe," November 5, 2024
    83. ↑ NPR, "Democrats in Kansas hope to end Repuclicans' reign in the state legislature
    84. ↑ Detroit Free Press, "New Michigan House map approved ahead of election to decide which party controls chamber," March 27, 2024
    85. ↑ WZMQ, "Michigan Democrats receive $500,000 from the National Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee." September 5, 2024
    86. ↑ Politico, "These 5 states are the most likely to see legislative chambers flip in November," June 19, 2024
    87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 CBS News, "Recounts certify election results in two Minnesota House races," November 25, 2024
    88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Axios, "Battle for control of Minnesota House could result in rare tie, as GOP wins bring end to DFL trifecta," Nov. 6, 2024
    89. ↑ Minnesota State Legislature, "204C.35-361," accessed April 19, 2024
    90. ↑ Minnesota Secretary of State, "Results for State Representative District 14B," accessed November 13, 2024
    91. ↑ CBS News, "Recounts possible as Minnesota GOP questions results in 2 House races," November 12, 2024
    92. ↑ Minnesota Secretary of State, "Results for State Representative District 54A," accessed November 13, 2024
    93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 MinnPost, "Is the Minnesota House up for grabs in the 2024 election or will the DFL hold it?" June 26, 2024
    94. ↑ Minnesota Reformer, "Minnesota Democrats report record fundraising numbers with over a month left until election," September 25, 2024
    95. ↑ State Freedom Caucus Network, "Missouri," accessed August 7, 2024
    96. ↑ The Kansas City Star, "Dueling at high noon? Missouri Senate Republicans, gripped by conflict, look for way out," January 25, 2024
    97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Missouri Independent, "Tempers flare in Missouri Senate during GOP fight over initiative petition changes," January 18, 2024
    98. ↑ Springfield News-Leader, "Open seats, primary challenges mean Missouri Senate will see most turnover in two decades," March 27, 2024
    99. ↑ Missouri Independent, "Freedom Caucus ends filibuster in Missouri Senate without action on its demands," May 2, 2024
    100. ↑ Michigan Advance, "Freedom Caucuses push for conservative state laws, but getting attention is their big success," April 19, 2024
    101. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named stall
    102. ↑ Nevada Current, "Only 1 vote shy of a Nevada Senate supermajority, Democrats look to flip a seat (or more)," April 2, 2024
    103. ↑ 'Nevada Appeal, "Lombardo working to prevent Democratic super majorities," November 9, 2023
    104. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "Did Gov. Joe Lombardo veto the most bills in a single Nevada legislative session?" accessed October 8, 2024
    105. ↑ News 3 LV, "Nevada Democrats launch new 'Veto Villain' campaign against Gov. Lombardo, aim for supermajorities," December 4, 2023
    106. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "IndyTalks: Lombardo vows ‘to use everything available’ to retain veto power," March 12, 2024
    107. ↑ KOLO, "Nevada one seat from becoming single-party state like California," October 16, 2024
    108. ↑ Nevada Current, "Can Lombardo break the Democrats’ Assembly supermajority? Here’s a look at the terrain." March 29, 2024
    109. ↑ Nevada Current, "The Lombardo Machine? Election season officially begins for state legislators, hopefuls," March 6, 2024
    110. ↑ Nevada Current, "National Democrats announce support for 7 Nevada legislative candidates," July 2, 2024
    111. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "With supermajority at stake, fundraising battle is tight in key Nevada legislative races," October 18, 2024
    112. ↑ Transparency USA, "Better Nevada PAC- Expenditures," accessed October 21, 2024
    113. ↑ The Las Vegas Review-Journal, "What would a Democratic supermajority in the legislature look like?" September 21, 2024
    114. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "Did Gov. Joe Lombardo veto the most bills in a single Nevada legislative session?" accessed October 8, 2024
    115. ↑ New Hampshire, "State Constitution - House of Representatives," accessed October 30, 2024
    116. ↑ Politico, "These 5 states are the most likely to see legislative chambers flip in November," June 19, 2-24
    117. ↑ 'NBC News, "These are the battlegrounds where state legislative control is up for grabs," September 28, 2024
    118. ↑ The New York Times, "Democrat’s U-Turn to Join the G.O.P. Upends North Carolina Politics," April 5, 2023
    119. ↑ Courthouse News Service, "North Carolina redistricting cements GOP control of Legislature," October 25, 2023
    120. ↑ WUNC, "New district maps show signs of GOP partisan gerrymandering," October 24, 2023
    121. ↑ The New York Times, "Democrat’s U-Turn to Join the G.O.P. Upends North Carolina Politics," April 5, 2023
    122. ↑ Courthouse News Service, "North Carolina redistricting cements GOP control of Legislature," October 25, 2023
    123. ↑ WUNC, "New district maps show signs of GOP partisan gerrymandering," October 24, 2023
    124. ↑ Cleveland.com, "Ohio Republican Party passes resolution condemning 22 GOP lawmakers over bipartisan Ohio House speaker vote," January 6, 2023
    125. ↑ Pluribus News, "Dems, GOP pump millions into legislative elections," September 3, 2024
    126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Pennsylvania Independent, "Pennsylvania Democrats haven’t had a trifecta in 31 years. Could that change in November?" June 18, 2024
    127. ↑ PBS News, "Pennsylvania Democrats keep 1-seat majority control of the state House," November 8, 2024
    128. ↑ Spotlight PA, "Democrats win control of Pennsylvania state House after picking up 12 seats," November 16, 2022
    129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Elections 2024: 4 Trends to Watch on Election Night," October 29, 2024
    130. ↑ WHYY, "Pennsylvania Democrats just lost the House majority, yet remain in control. Here’s how," July 17, 2024
    131. ↑ Pennsylvania Capital-Star, "Newly elected Pennsylvania Reps Keith Harris and Andre Carroll take oaths of office," September 30, 2024
    132. ↑ Associated Press, "1-seat Democratic margin has Pennsylvania House control up for grabs in fall voting," October 15, 2024
    133. ↑ Pluribus News, "Dems, GOP pump millions into legislative elections," September 3, 2024
    134. ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
    135. ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
    136. ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
    137. ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
    138. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas AG Ken Paxton impeached, suspended from duties; will face Senate trial," May 27, 2023
    139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 Facebook, "Ken Paxton on February 12, 2024," accessed February 16, 2024 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PaxtonEndorse" defined multiple times with different content
    140. ↑ Houston Public Media, "GOP-led Texas House votes to remove school voucher provision from education bill," November 17, 2023
    141. ↑ Texas House of Representatives, "Friday, November, 17, 2023 — 5th Day (cont'd)," November 17, 2023
    142. ↑ KENS 5, "Greg Abbott will use $19 million he raised in 2023 to target anti-voucher Republicans," January 11, 2024
    143. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
    144. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
    145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 145.3 The Texas Tribune "Greg Abbott, Ken Paxton declare victory in attack on House GOP defectors," March 6, 2024
    146. ↑ NBC News, "Trump dives into a Texas political feud with his latest endorsement," January 30, 2024
    147. ↑ Republican Party of Texas, "Republican Party of Texas Censures Speaker Dade Phelan," February 10, 2024
    148. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas AG Ken Paxton impeached, suspended from duties; will face Senate trial," May 27, 2023
    149. ↑ Houston Public Media, "GOP-led Texas House votes to remove school voucher provision from education bill," November 17, 2023
    150. ↑ Texas House of Representatives, "Friday, November, 17, 2023 — 5th Day (cont'd)," November 17, 2023
    151. ↑ KENS 5, "Greg Abbott will use $19 million he raised in 2023 to target anti-voucher Republicans," January 11, 2024
    152. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed April 4, 2024
    153. ↑ Republican Party of Texas, "Republican Party of Texas Censures Speaker Dade Phelan," February 10, 2024
    154. ↑ NBC News, "Trump dives into a Texas political feud with his latest endorsement," January 30, 2024
    155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 The New York Times, "Why Democrats Lost More Seats in Vermont Than Any Other State," December 14, 2024
    156. ↑ Seven Days, "Vermont Lawmakers Override Six of the Governor's Eight Vetoes," June 17, 2024
    157. ↑ Burlington Free Press, "Vermont Legislature makes history, overrides six vetoes," June 21, 2024
    158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CNalysis
    159. ↑ Seven Days, "Vermont Lawmakers Override Six of the Governor's Eight Vetoes," June 17, 2024
    160. ↑ Burlington Free Press, "Vermont Legislature makes history, overrides six vetoes," June 21, 2024
    161. ↑ Office of the Governor, "Gov. Evers Signs Fair Maps for Wisconsin," February 19, 2024
    162. ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "See Wisconsin's new state legislative maps signed by Gov. Tony Evers,"
    163. ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "See Wisconsin's new state legislative maps signed by Gov. Tony Evers,"
    164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 WyoFile, "Hard-line Republicans gather in pursuit of ‘the prize’: control of the statehouse," July 10, 2024
    165. ↑ State Freedom Caucus Network, "Wyoming," accessed August 5, 2024
    166. ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Conservative Movement: Freedom Caucus Could Gain Control Of House In ’24," July 10, 2024
    167. ↑ WyoFile, "Wyoming governor shoots down bill to eliminate gun-free zones," March 22, 2024
    168. ↑ WyoFile, "Two new abortion bans to become law in Wyoming," March 17, 2023
    169. ↑ WyoFile, "Crossover voting bill goes to governor’s desk," February 27, 2024
    170. ↑ WyoFile, "Wyoming bans most gender-affirming medical care for children" March 22, 2024
    171. ↑ News Letter Journal, "Revisiting the colors of the freedom caucus," May 3, 2024
    172. ↑ Wyoming News, "Wyoming Freedom Caucus announces launch of political action committee," April 18, 2023
    173. ↑ WyoFile, "Far-right advances motivate ‘pro-Wyoming’ lawmakers to organize," March 29, 2023
    174. ↑ WyoFile, "Hard-line Republicans gather in pursuit of ‘the prize’: control of the statehouse," July 10, 2024
    175. ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Gordon’s PAC Hits High Gear With Endorsements, Money For Freedom Caucus Opponents," July 29, 2024
    176. ↑ Oil City News, "Record cash flowed into Wyo’s elections. Here’s where it went." November 18, 2022
    177. ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Campaign Finance Reports Released: Gordon Is Wyoming's Largest Donor," August 14, 2024
    178. ↑ The term state legislative leader refers to any officeholder holding any of the following positions in a state legislature: president, president pro tem, speaker, speaker pro tem, majority leader or minority leader.
    179. ↑ This figure includes officeholders whose primaries were canceled because no challenger filed.
    180. ↑ A top-two primary is only considered to be contested if more than two candidates filed, meaning there was a chance for a candidate to be eliminated in the primary.
    181. ↑ In a primary where only one candidate can advance, the margin of victory is the percentage difference in vote totals between the winner and the runner-up. In a primary where multiple candidates can advance, the margin of victory is the percentage difference in vote totals between the lowest-placing winner and the highest-placing loser.
    182. ↑ Margin of victory for the runoff. Phelan and challenger David Covey (R) advanced to a runoff because neither received more than 50% of the vote in the primary. Phelan placed second in the primary with 43.3%.
    183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 Delaware General Assembly, "Representative Valerie Longhurst," accessed September 20, 2024
    184. ↑ Valerie Longhurst 2024 campaign website, "Legislation," accessed September 20, 2024
    185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named delonline
    186. ↑ Delaware Online, "New Castle County state representative primary results: Speaker of the House upset," September 10, 2024
    187. ↑ WDEL.com, "Delaware House Speaker Longhurst falls in district race, Evans Gay gets Dems' Lt. Gov nod," September 10, 2024
    188. ↑ KHON2, "Kim Coco Iwamoto unseats Scott Saiki in latest poll results," August 11, 2024
    189. ↑ Scott Saiki campaign website, "Vision," accessed August 12, 2024
    190. ↑ Idaho Statesman, "Idaho’s House speaker retains top spot after challenge, new leader selected in Senate," December 3, 2020
    191. ↑ Chuck Winder 2024 campaign website, "Idaho Statesman Endorses Senator Winder," accessed June 30, 2024
    192. ↑ Josh Keyser 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    193. ↑ Idaho Statesman, "GOP primary race in Boise pits Republican leader against challenger backed by IFF wing," May 19, 2024
    194. ↑ KTVB, "Idaho Senate president pro tem ousted in primary election," May 22, 2024
    195. ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem Announces New Leadership," October 27, 2021
    196. ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
    197. ↑ Greg McCortney 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    198. ↑ Jonathan Wingard 2024 campaign website, "About Me," accessed June 30, 2024
    199. ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
    200. ↑ KGOU, "Republican primary election upset shakes up State Senate leadership," June 28, 2024
    201. ↑ The Intelligencer, "W.Va. House Announces Leadership Changes, State Senate Has Slight Changes," December 16, 2020
    202. ↑ Craig Blair 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    203. ↑ Tom Willis 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    204. ↑ West Virginia MetroNews, "Dust settles on Senate races with changes ahead," May 15, 2024
    205. ↑ Some of the 179 term-limited state legislators in 2024 may have resigned before their term ends. These legislators were still counted in the total number of term-limited legislators in 2024.
    206. ↑ Totals may include minor party or independent officeholders.
    207. ↑ The Washington Post, "Virginia Republicans snatched control of the state Senate, ended budget-Medicaid impasse," June 9, 2014
    208. ↑ 2015 and 2013 are not included because no chambers changed those years.
    209. ↑ The chamber first changed from Democratic to Republican control in a February 2011 special election. Republicans increased their majority to 24-15 in the 2011 elections.
    210. ↑ Fox News, "GOP Candidate Wins Lousiana [sic] Senate Special Election, Shifting Majority," February 20, 2011
    211. ↑ Chamber went from being controlled by a Democratic-led bipartisan coalition to being led by a coalition with power split between the parties.
    212. ↑ Chamber went from a Republican majority to a bipartisan governing coalition.
    213. ↑ The chamber changed partisan control prior to the 2011 elections due to Democrats switching to the Republican Party and special election wins by Republicans. Republicans increased their majority in the 2011 elections to 31-21.
    214. ↑ The Washington Post, "Southern Democrats in dire straits; 2011 looms large," January 11, 2011
    215. ↑ In the 2011 elections, the chamber changed from a 22-18 Democratic advantage to a 20-20 tie. Republicans effectively controlled the chamber because Lieutenant Gov. Bill Bolling (R) could cast tie-breaking votes.
    216. ↑ Democrats won a majority of seats, but did not have a majority when the legislative session began due to vacancies created during the interim.
    217. ↑ This chamber did not hold elections in 2010. It switched partisan control in December 2010 when Democrat Noble Ellington changed his party affiliation to Republican. In the regularly-scheduled 2011 elections, Republicans increased their majority to 58-45.
    218. ↑ Nola.com, "Louisiana Republicans take first House majority since Reconstruction with latest party switch," December 17, 2010
    219. ↑ In this election, the Oregon House changed from a 30-30 tie to a 34-26 Democratic advantage.
    220. ↑ This chamber went from a 50-50 tie to a 68-32 Republican advantage in the 2010 elections.
    221. ↑ This chamber went from a 36-24 Democratic advantage to a 30-30 tie in the 2010 elections.
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